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Copy 1 



DISTRIBUTION 
OF THE RACES 



M. E. KERN 




Class _DlLJa fb 

Book JX^Z 

Copyright N° 



COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 



The Distribution 
of the Races 

A Commentary on the 
tenth Chapter of Genesis 



M. E. Kern 



International Publishing Association 

College View, Nebr. 



Mi 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
TwoCoDy Received 

NOV 11 190/ 

Copyrltnt Entry 

CLASSA XXc, lie, 

'copy b. 



Copyright, 1907, 
by International Publishing Association 



:» 



grefare 

The author lays no claim to original research on 
the subject here discussed. He made a careful 
study of the authorities referred to, and wrote this 
brief treatise to meet the needs of his classes in the 
history of antiquity. The matter is placed in this 
form by request of other history teachers. 

Before taking up this study the student should 
read very carefully the tenth and eleventh chap- 
ters of Genesis, and make a list of all the names in 
the tenth chapter, arranged in the form of a gen- 
ealogical table showing the descent. 

It is hoped that this study will shed some light 
on the great purposes of God in His dealings with 
the nations and upon the coming of the Seed in 
whom all the families of the earth are blessed. 
College View, Nebr., October 9. 1907. 



literature 

0. N.— ''The Origin of Nations." By George 
Rawlinson, New York, 1877. 

Kal. — "Commentary on Genesis." By H. M. 
Kalisch, London, 1858. 

R. O. T.— "The Races of the Old Testament." 
By A. H. Sayce, New York, 1891. 

Sac. Chron. — "Sacred Chronology Together 
with the Peopling of the Earth." By A. T. Jones, 
Oakland, Cal., 1887. 

E. B.— "Empires of the Bible." By A. T. 
Jones, Battle Creek, Mich., 1897. 

H. B.— "Hours with the Bible." By Cunning- 
ham Geikie, Buffalo, N. Y., 1893. 

The Sunday School Times, February 4 and 
February 11, 1899. Articles by Prof. Dr. Peter 
Jensen, Marburg, Germany. 

Clarke — ' ' Commentary on Genesis. ' ' By Adam 
Clarke, 1810. 

McClintock & Strong. Cyclopedia of Biblical, 
Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. New 
York, 1889. 

"Prichard's Natural History of Man"— J. C 
Prichard, London, 1845. 

McCurdy — "History, Prophecy and the Monu- 
ments," 3 vols. J. F. McCurdy, New York, 1898. 

Josephus' Ant. — "Antiquities of the Jews." 
Flavius Josephus. Various editions. 
[6] 



LITERATURE vn 

Gibbon— "Decline and Fall of the Roman Em- 
pire," 1776. Various editions. 

"Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies," Geo. Raw- 
linson, New York, 1870. 

"Rawlinson's Ancient Egypt," Geo. Rawlinson, 
New York, 1880. 

Dan. and Rev. ' ' Thoughts on Daniel and Rev- 
elation," Uriah Smith, Battle Creek, Mich., 1897. 
Creek, Mich., 1897. 

Mon. and 0. T. — "The Monuments and the 
Old Testament." Ira M. Price, Chicago, 1900. 

S. B. D.— "Smith's Bible Dictionary." Wm. 
Smith, New York, 1868. 



"He that would rightly "study history must 
keep his eyes fixed on the great scheme of hu- 
man redemption." — Anom. 

"In God's Word only do we behold the 
power that laid the foundations of the earth, 
and that stretched out the heavans. Here 
only do we find an authentic account of the 
origin of nations. Here only is given a history 
of our race unsullied by human pride or pre- 
judice."— Mrs. E. G. White. 



Itttr0&urtum 



References— 0. N. pp. 165-169; Kal. pp. 234, 
235; R. 0. T. pp. 39-44; Sac. Chron. pp. 247-251; 
E. B. pp. 1-5 ; H. B. chap. 15, pp. 180-182. 

We have recorded in the tenth chapter of Gene- 
sis in the brief space of thirty-two verses the 
origin and location of the nations of the ancient 
world. "That precious document, the 'Toldoth 
Beni Noah' or 'Book of the Generations of the 
Sons of Noah,' well deserves to be called 'The 
most authentic record that we possess for the affili- 
ation of nations.' " "The Mosiac narrative con- 
veys the exact truth — a truth alike in accordance 
with the earliest classical traditions, and with the 
latest results of modern comparative philology." 
Rawlinson's Ancient Monarchies, vol. I, chap. 3. 

This is indeed a wonderful chapter and worthy 
of much study. It is a fitting sequel to the story 
of the flood and shows all nations to have origin- 
ated from the one family of Noah, as in the begin- 
ning all originated from one pair. 

[9] 



10 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

A careful examination will at once reveal the 
fact that this is more than a mere table of geneal- 
ogy, a list of proper names of individuals. 

It is in perfect accord with eastern usage in 
speaking of tribes or peoples to use the term 
''sons of." The ''sons of Israel" are the He- 
brews; the "sons of Ishmael," the Arabs, etc. 
Then many of the names are in the plural form, 
i-m being the Hebrew plural ending ; thus Kittim, 
Dodanim, etc. Mizraim is the word always trans- 
lated Egypt in the scriptures. It is the two 
Egypts, upper and lower, a distinction always 
recognized in the hieroglyph for Egypt in the an- 
cient writing, (a double water plant, or double 
clod of earth). 

While this is true there seems to be parts of 
the table that are genealogical. In Genesis 9:18- 
27, Canaan seems to refer to an individual, and in 
10 :24, 25 the reference is doubtless to individuals : 
the name Eber, however, is used by Balaam as that 
of a country (Num. 24:24). These two ideas 
harmonize well, however, as it is quite probable 
that all these tribes took their names from their 
ancestors. 

Sayce labors to show that the chapter is ' ' ethno- 
graphical" rather than "ethnological," that "its 
main purpose is geographical." While this may 
be partly true, the classification by distinct origin 
can be shown in many cases (H. B. chap. 15, p. 



INTRODUCTION 11 

181). Sayce points to the reference to Zidon and 
Heth (or Hittites) as being sons of Canaan. Mod- 
ern research, he says, has shown that there is no 
blood relationship between "the Phoenician build- 
ers of Sidon and the prognathous Hittites from the 
north" (R. 0. T. p. 40), that both being inhabit- 
ants of Canaan they are called the children of 
Canaan. But too much confidence, possibly, has 
been placed in the conclusions concerning rela- 
tions based on the similarity of language. We 
have many examples of people of one race speak- 
ing the language of another. 

Further research will doubtless bring to light 
many things that are now obscure about this chap- 
ter (R. 0. T. pp. 43, 44). 

The Japhetic or Aryan race settled principally 
in Europe, and is noted for intellectual activity. 
Japheth is still being enlarged (Gen. 9:27) as 
"westward the course of empire takes its way." 
The descendants of Ham located chiefly in Africa. 
They are distinguished for physical endurance. 
Noah's prediction that Canaan should be a serv- 
ant has been literally fulfilled. The Shemites or 
Semitic race lived in Asia and are distinguished 
for religious fervor. This characteristic seems to 
be denoted by Noah 's prediction in the expression 
"blessed be the Lord God of Shem" (Gen. 9:26). 

We will now notice and locate as far as possible 
the nations indicated. 



God made of one every nation of men to 
dwell on all the face of the earth, having de- 
termined their appointed seasons and the 
bounds of their habitation; that they should 
seek God, if haply they might feel after Him 
and find Him, though He is not far from each 
one of us. — Acts 17:26, 27. A. R. V. 



Japt|rttr Sare b 

Gomer 

References— Gen. 10 :2 ; I Chron. 1 :5 ; Eze, 38 :6 ; 
0. N. pp. 169-171 ; H. B. chap. 15, p. 181 ; R. 0. 
T. p. 40; Sac. Chron. pp. 252-255; E. B. pp. 6-14: 
Kal. pp. 236-238; McClintoek & Strong, arts. 
"Ethnology" and " Gomer ;" Rawlinson's Hero- 
dotus, vol. 3, pp. 150-157; Prichard's Natural His- 
tory of Man, p. 193; MeCurdy, vol. II, f 758, etc. 

Gomer was a warlike people ' ' of the north quar- 
ters/ ' thought now by most authors to be the 
"Gimmira" of the Assyrian inscriptions, the 
"Kimmerians" of the Greek writers. They were 
first located north of the Black Sea, and were 
driven from their homes by the Sythians, some 
going westward, and some southward where they 
were a standing alarm to the more civilized peo- 
ples of the south from about 670-570 B. C. They 
were defeated by Esarhaddon, 677 B. C. They 
overran Asia Minor by several raids and at one 
time sacked the Greek city of Sinope, and finalfy 
overthrew Lydia. The Welch people, who call 
themselves Cymry, are probably descendants of 
Gomer. 

1. Ashkenaz. — References. — Gen. 10:3; I Chron. 

[13] 



14 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

1:6; Jer. 51:27; O. . N. pp. 181, 182; R. 0. T. pp. 
48, 49; E. B. p. 20; Sac. Chron. pp. 267, 268, 271; 
Kal. p. 237 ; H. B. vol. I, p. 182 ; McCurdy, vol. Ill, 
| 1403. 

Ashkenaz is coupled with Ararat and Minni by 
Jeremiah in his prophecy against Babylon. The 
location of these nations has been fixed by the de- 
cipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions of Ar- 
menia to be in the vicinity of Lake Van. Ash- 
kenaz is probably the people spoken of in the in- 
scription of Sargon as "Asguza." Sayce calls at- 
tention to the fact that certain inscriptions of the 
later days of the Assyrian empire placed the Gim- 
mira, or Kimmerians, in the same locality, as allies 
of the Minni, Medes, and Saparda of Sepharad. 
(Obadiah, vs. 20). 

2. Ripath. — References. — Gen. 10:3; I Chron. 
1:6; O. N. p. 182; R. 0. T. pp. 48, 49; Kal. p. 238; 
E. B. pp. 20-22; Sac. Chron. pp. 268-271; H. B. 
vol. I, p. 182 ; McClintock & Strong, art. "Ripath." 

The Hebrew text in I Chronicles reads * 'Dipath ' ' 
and neither name occurs elsewhere in the Bible. 
The Hebrew letters *J (Daleth) and ^(Resh) could 
easily be confused by transcribers. Josephus 
says that the Paphlagonians were anciently called 
Riphathaeans. They are thought by some to have 
inhabited the Riphaean or Carpathian Mountains, 
and to be the ancestors of the Gauls. 

Jones considers the Irish, Scotch Highlanders, 






JAPHETIC RACES 15 

and people of the Isle of Man to be the modern 
descendants of Ripath; the Welsh to be de- 
scended from Gomer himself; and the English, 
through the Teutons, from Ashkenaz. 

Rawlinson and Sayce both take the position 
that we have no positive evidence as to who 
the people of Ripath were. 

3. Togarmah. — Ref erenlces. — Gen. 10 :3 ; I 
Chron. 1:6; Eze. 27:14; 38:6; O. N. pp. 182-184; 
R. 0. T. pp. 48, 49; Kal. p. 238; E. B. p. 23; Sac. 
Chron. p. 271; H. B. vol. 1, pp. 182, 183; McClin- 
tock & Strong, art. " Togarmah. * ' 

Kalisch takes this to be a tribe of the Scythians, 
the Tauri who lived in the Tauric Peninsula (the 
Crimea). Rawlinson takes them to be the an- 
cient inhabitants of Armenia, while Sayce ques- 
tions whether the position of Togarmah has been 
satisfactorily determined. 

The view that they are the ancient Armenians 
is chiefly based on a supposed etymology, and on 
the national traditions of the Armenians. Ac- 
cording to Grimm "Toka" is the Sanskrit for 
"tribe," and "Arm ah" the word for Armenia. 
According to the traditions the Haikian, or Ar- 
menian race descended from Thorgau, or Thar- 
gamas. The Armenians, it is said, still call them- 
selves "the house of Thorgom, or Torgona," the 
same phase used by Ezekiel. This location would 
seem to answer the conditions of Ezekiel 's 
prophecy. 



16 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Magog 

References.— Gen. 10:2; I Chron. 1:5; Eze. 
chaps. 38 and 39; Rev. 20:8; O. N. pp. 171, 172 
R. 0. T. p. 45; Kal. pp. 239-241; E. B. pp. 8-14 
Sac. Chron. pp. 255-260; H. B. pp. 183, 184 
Josephus ' Ant. i, 6, 1 ; McClintock & Strong, art. 
''Magog;" McCurdy, vol. II, f 777 note, 814. 

There is nothing in the word itself by which 
this people can be identified, unless it be in 
Sayce's suggestion that Gog is the "Gugu" of the 
Assyrian inscriptions, the "Gyges" of the Greeks, 
and Magog the "Mat Gugi" or "county of 
Gugu." It is generally recognized that Gog and 
Magog are about the same and used interchange- 
ably. Sayce says that another northern country 
known to the Assyrians is called the Zamua or 
Mazamua indifferently. In Ezekiel the king 
seems to be Gog and the land Magog (Eze. 38:2). 
Jones quotes from an inscription of Assurbanipal, 
king of Assyria, ' ' Sariti and Payiza, sons of Gog, 
a chief of Saka," and says that the Saka were 
the Scythians (E. B. p. 9). 

In Ezekiel 38 and 39 this people Is spoken of, 
and it is from the character there portrayed that 
most students of ethnology identify Magog with 
the Scythians. The prophecy seems to be one of 
the distant future (Eze. 38:8, 16; Rev. 20:8), yet 
such prophecies in the Bible have invariably a his- 
torical basis, there being "real events which oc- 



JAPHETIC RACES 17 

casioned, and served to illustrate the distant oc- 
currences' ' (Kal. p. 240). These people from the 
"north country" appear at the head of a mighty 
confederacy with Rosh, Meshech, and Tubal as 
tributaries (Eze. 38:2, R. V.) ; and the Persians, 
Ethopians, Libyans, Gomer, and Togarmah as 
allies. 

The Sythians overrun and defeated Cyaxeres, 
king of Media, while besieging Nineveh (624 B. 
C), and became masters of Asia for nearly thirty 
years, and were only kept from entering Africa 
by the rich presents of Psammetichus, king of 
Egypt. They progressed as far as Ascalon and it 
was considered a special act of divine mercy that 
they did not destroy Palestine. They left their 
trace in Palestine in the name of a town east of 
the Jordan, Sythopolis. Josephus believed Magog 
to be the Scythians (Ant. i, 6, 1), and Jerome 
states that the Jews of his day all considered 
Magog to be the wild and numerous Scythians ex- 
tending from the Caucasus to the Caspian Sea and 
India. "All circumstances conspire, therefore,' 7 
says Kalisch, "to render the identification of 
Magog with the Scythians probable. And this 
probability is almost raised to a certainty by the 
traditions of the ancient writers" (Kal. p. 241). 

There was a wall built as a defense against the 
Scythians, probably, all the distance between the 
Black and Caspian Seas, and extensive ruins of 



18 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

it are still extant and are called the "wall of Gog 
and Magog" (Kal. p. 241; E. B. p. 249). 

The principal races springing from the Scythians 
are enumerated by Jones as follows : 1. Mongols, 
or Mongolians. 2. Malays. 3. Huns, against 
whom the great wall of China was built in the 
third century B. C. They overcame and ruled 
China 281-87 B. C. They overran part of Europe 
under Atilla, 433-435 A. D. 4. Modern Mongols. 5. 
Tartars. 6. Turks. 7. Finns. 8. Sarmatians 
(Modern Slavs). 9. Parthians, whose empire con- 
tinued from 250 B. C. to 228 A. D. 

Madai 

References— Gen. 10:2; I Chron. 1:5; 0. N. p. 
172; Kal. p. 242; R. 0. T. p. 45; E. B. p. 14; Sac. 
Chron.p. 262;H.B.p. 184. 

All are agreed that this name represents the 
Medes, or Mada of the Assyrians, who lived south- 
east of the Caspian Sea. They became a part of 
the Medo-Persian empire which conquered an- 
cient Babylon in 538 B. C. Medo-Persia was over- 
thrown in 331 B. C. by Alexander the Great. 
Everywhere in the Bible, except Genesis 10 and I 
Chronicles 1, the word is translated "Medes." 

Javan 

References— Gen. 10 :2 ; I Chron. 1 :5 ; Isa. 66 :19 ; 
Eze. 27 :19 • Dan. 8 :21 , R. V. margin ; 0. N. p. 172 ; 
R, 0. T. p. 46 ; Kal. p. 242 ; E. B. p. 14 ; Sac. Chron. 



JAPHETIC RACES 19 

p. 261; H. B. p. 184; McClintoek & Strong, art. 
"Javan." 

Javan is the Hebrew word for Ionian, and this 
came to be applied to all Greece, and is so trans- 
lated in the Old Testament. The same word is 
applied to the Greeks by the Assyrians and Per- 
sians. Javan is thought by some to embrace all 
the western isles of the Mediterranean. Sayce 
thinks from Isa. 66 :19 and Eze. 27 :19 that it prob- 
ably applies here only to Cyprus, but Rawlinson 
says that the ' ' orientals used this term, universal- 
ly, as the generic name for the Greek race" (O. 
N. pp. 172, 173). 

1. Elishah. — References — Gen. 10:4; I Chron. 
1:7; Eze. 27:7; 0. N. p. 184; Kal. p. 242; R. 0. T. 
p. 47 ; E. B. p. 15 ; Sac. Chron. p. 271 ; H. B. p. 
184; McClintoek & Strong, art. "Elishah." 

We have three views concerning Elishah. First, 
that the Aeolians are meant, of whom Rawlinson 
says that they especially effected the habitation 
of many islands or maritime districts; thus Eze- 
kiel's reference to the Isles of Elishah. Josephus 
sustains this view (Ant. i, 6, 1). Others think that 
Elishah is the Hebrew word for Hellas, or Greece 
proper. Ancient writers say that "On the coast 
of the Peloponnesus and many Greek islands the 
shell fish, the juice of which yields the much valued 
purple colors, were most abundantly found." 
(Kal. p. 243). A third view is that the Grecian 



20 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

province of Elis is meant. Ezekiel's reference to 
the blue and purple makes it plain that some of 
the western isles or coast lands where the shell 
fish were found is meant. 

2. Tarshish. — References — Gen. 10:2; I Chron. 
1 :7 ; I Kings 10 :22 ; II Chron. 20 :36, 37 ; Jer. 10 :9 : 
Eze. 27 :12 ; 38 :13 ; Jonah 1 :3 ; Ps. 48 :7 ; 72 :10 ; Isa. 
2:16; 23:1, 14; 60:9; 66:19; O. N. pp. 184, 185; 

Kal. p. 243 ; R. 0. T. p. 47 ; E. B. p. 15 ; Sac. Chron. 
pp. 271-273; H. B. pp. 185, 186; McClintock & 
Strong, art. "Tarshish." 

Most writers now agree that Tarshish is to be 
identified with Tartessus in Spain. It was an an- 
cient Greek colony which imported large amounts 
of gold, silver, lead, and iron. In the time of 
Solomon there was a regular commerce carried on 
with Tarshish, it taking three years for the round 
trip. The ships from Tarshish, or "ships of 
Tarshish" came to be a general name for all the 
merchant vessels. 

3. Kittim. — References. — Gen. 10:4; I Chron. 
1:7; Num. 24:24; Isa. 23:1-12; Jer. 2:10; Eze. 
27:6; Dan. 11:30; O. N. pp. 185-187; Kal. p. 244; 
R. 0. T. p. 47 ; E. B. p. 16 ; Sac. Chron. p. 273 ; H. 
B. p. 186; Josephus' Ant. i, 6, 1 ; McClintock & 
Strong, art. "Chittim." 

Kittim, or Chittim, is generally identified with 
Cyprus. One of the most ancient towns of this 
island was Citium which was an important sea- 



JAPHETIC RACES 21 

port. The population of Cyprus was a mixed one, 
but was strongly Greek from the earliest time. 
The view of Josephus and most ancient tradition 
is that Kittim is Cyprus, but it is also thought 
that it came to refer to other islands of the Medi- 
terranean. Dr. Jensen says that the "word com- 
prises at any rate, the regions lying farther to the 
west." Dr. Clarke commenting on Isa. 23:21 re- 
fers to Kittim as "the islands and coast of the 
Mediterranean," giving Jerome as authority. 
Kitto says, "Chittim seems to be a name of large 
signification (such as our Levant) applied to the 
islands and coasts of the Mediterranean in a loose 
sense without fixing the particular part, though 
particular and different parts of the whole are 
probably in most cases to be understood." 
(Quoted in McClintockf & Strong, art. "Chit- 
tim.") Taking this view Uriah Smith refers the 
reference in Dan. 11:30 to Carthage. (Thoughts 
on Dan. and Rev.) 

4. Dodanim. — References. — Gen. 10:4; I Chron, 
1 :7 ; 0. N. pp. 187-191 ; Kal. p. 245 ; R, O. T. p. 47 : 
E. B. p. 16; Sac. Chron. p. 273; H. B. p. 186; Gib- 
bon, chap. 35, | 13. 

Three views are held concerning this people. 
First, that they were one part of the ancient in- 
habitants of Troy, the Dardanians. Some settled 
Tilyricum and others moved on to Italy, the 
Liburni and Veneti being especially mentioned. 



22 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Jones adopts this view. Second, Kalisch takes 
them to be the Daunii, the most ancient inhabit- 
ants of Apulia and southeast Italy. Third, that 
Rodanim is the proper reading, this being the 
rendering of the word in Chronicles, and that the 
inhabitants of Rhodes are meant. The Septuagint 
has it Rodii. It was the island of roses, this 
flower being stamped on the coins. Rhodes was 
early settled by the Greeks, and is probably the 
place referred to. 

Tubal and Meshech 

References.— Gen. 10 :2 ; I Chron. 1 :5 ; Eze. 38 :2, 
3; 39:1; 27:13; 32:26; Isa. 66:19; 0. N. pp. 173, 
179; Kal. p. 245; R. 0. T. pp. 47, 48; E. B. p. 17; 
Sac. Chron. p. 263; Rawlinson's Ancient Mon- 
archies, vol. 2, pp. 64, 65; Rawlinson's Herodotus, 
vol. I, p. 530; Herodotus, bk. 3, chap. 94; bk. 7, 
chap. 78. 

Tubal and Meshech, with one exception, are 
coupled together in the Bible, as they are also 
in Herodotus and elsewhere. They were doubt- 
less the Tubla and Muska of the Assyrian inscrip- 
tions, the Tiberani and Moski of classical authors. 
They were a warlike people of northern Asia 
Minor with whom Assyria had frequent wars, 
1100-700 B. C. Copper is still abundant in the 
mountains of northern Armenia (Kal. p. 246). 
The Ten Thousand found some of their tribes on 
the southern coast of the Black Sea, 400 B. C. 



JAPHETIC RACES 



B 



Kawlinson identifies Meshech or Moschi as the 
Moskovites who built Moscow in Russia. 

There is mention in Ezekiel in connection with 
Meshech and Tubal another tribe, Rosh (see R. 
V.) thought by many to be a solitary biblical ref- 
erence to the Russians. (See McClintock & Strong, 
art ""Bosh," E. B. p. 18, note 18). 

Tiras 

References.— Gen. 10:2; I Chron. 1:5; 0. N. pp. 
174, 178, 246; Kal. p. 246; R. 0. T. p. 48; E. B. p. 
18 ; Sac. Chron. pp. 265, 267. 

"Tiras," says Sayce, "is the only son of Ja- 
pheth whose name continues to be obscure" (R. 
0. T. p. 48). Kalisch thinks Tiras comprises all the 
people of the region of the Taurus Mountains. 
Rawlinson argues to show that the probability is 
in favor of the Thracians according to Jewish tra- 
dition (Josephus' Ant. i, 6, 1). Later research 
may throw new light on the identification of this 
people. 




"I will make mention of Egypt and Babylon 
as among them that know me. Behold Philis- 
tia, and Tyre with Cush: This one was born 
there."— Ps. 87:4. A. R. V. 



ifamttir Ear? 



Cush. 

References.— Gen. 10:6; I Chron. 1:8; Eze. 
29 :10 ; II Chron. 14 :9 ; 16 :8 ; II Kings 19 :9 ; Isa. 
20 :3-5 ; Dan. 11 :43 ; Nahum 3 :9 ; Gen. 2 :13 ; Eze. 
38 :5 ; Isa. 11 :11 ; Gen. 10 :7 ; Isa. 43 :3 ; 45 :14 ; Gen. 
10:8-10; Num. 12:1; Esther 1:1; Job 28:19; II 
Chron. 21:16; Ps. 68:31; 87:4; Isa. 18:1, 2; Jer. 
46:9; Eze. 30:4; Zeph. 3:10; 0. N. pp. 192, 193; 
Kal. p. 248; R. 0. T. pp. 51, 143-146; E. B. p. 24; 
Sac Chron. pp. 274, 275 ; H. B. pp. 187, 188 ; Raw- 
linson's Ancient Monarchies, vol. 1, pp. 49-53. 

Cush is the country known to the Greeks and 
Romans as Epthiopia, The word is so translated 
in the authorized version, also in the Septuagint 
and Syriac translations. According to Sayce it 
is the Assyrian pronunciation of the word Kash 
or Kas, a country immediately south of Egypt, the 
modern Abyssinia. That Cush included more than 
this is clear from the Bible and other ancient 
writings. Cush settled in southern Arabia and also 
in the valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris. The 
physical characteristics of the Ethiopians connect 
them with the Egyptian race. They were in close 



26 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACKS 

connection with the negros and the Nubians. 
Their dark color was proverbial (Jer. 13:23). 
They were high and robust of stature (Isa. 45 :14). 
Herodotus says they were the tallest and hand- 
somest nation in the world. We will trace the 
descendants of Cush in his six sons and two 
grandsons. 

1. Seba. — References. — Gen. 10 :7 ; I Chron. 1 :9 ; 
Isa. 45:14; 18:2, 7; 0. N. pp. 204, 205; Kal. p. 
249; E. B. p. 25; Sac. Chron. pp. 275, 276; R. 0. 
T. p. 41 ; H. B. pp. 188, 189. 

This tribe of Cush seems to have lived in the 
home land — Ethiopia. According to Josephus, 
Saba was the ancient name of the famous Ethio- 
pian city Meroe and the territory about it. The 
name Meroe was given by Cambyses, king of 
Persia, in honor of his sister, when attempting to 
invade Ethiopia (520 B. C). The location was 
between the rivers Atbara and the Blue Nile. 

2. Havilah. — References. — Gen. 10:7; I Chron. 
1:9; Gen. 2:11; 25:18; I Sam. 15:7; O. N. p. 206; 
Kal. p. 249; E. B. p. 26; Sac. Chron. p. 270; H. B. 
p. 189. 

It is difficult to decide whether the texts in 
Genesis and Samuel refer to the Havilah under 
consideration, so we have little data from which 
to identify this people. They are generally as- 
signed to an Arabian tract known as Khawlan in 
northwestern Yemen. Havilah is given also as a 



HAMITIC RACES % 

Semitic people probably due to the fact that the 
two races were here mixed. 

3. Sabtah.— References.— Gen. 10:7; I Chron. 
1:9; O. N. p. 206; Kal. p. 250; E. B. p. 26; Sac. 
Chron. p. 276; H. B. p. 189. 

No other passages throw any light on this name. 
Most authorities identify it with the Sabbatha, or 
Sabota, of Pliny and Ptolemy, which is in south- 
ern Arabia. Kalisch takes exceptions to this view 
and thinks, with Josephus, that Sabtah is the 
Astabori, tribes on the Astaboras river just east 
of Meroe or Seba. 

4. Raamah. — References. — Gen. 10:7; I Chron. 
1 :9 ; Eze. 27 :22 ; 0. N. pp. 206, 207 j Kal. pp. 250- 
252 ; E. B. p. 26 ; Sac. Chron. pp. 276, 277 ; R. O. T. 
p. 65; H. B. p. 189; Rawlinson's Ancient Egypt, 
vol. 2, pp. 285, 286; McClintock & Strong, arts. 
"Sheba" and "Dedan." 

Raamah was eclipsed by its descendants, the 
celebrated Arabian tribes Sheba and Dedan, and 
from these we cannot mistake its location. The 
name is thought to survive in the name of a town 
Regma on the Arabian shore of the Persian Gulf 
which existed still in the days of Ptolemy. 

a. Sheba. — References. — Joel 3:8; Jer. 6:20; 
Job 1:15; I Kings 10:10; Ps. 72:15; Isa. 60:6; 
Eze. 27:22. 

Sheba is doubtless the Sabean race, which was 
the chief race of Arabia and ' ' greatly celebrated 



28 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

by classical writers." The race was probably a 
mixed one, as Sheba is also enumerated among 
the Semites. Authors do not agree as to their 
exact boundary. They lived in Yemen or Arabia 
Felix. Yemen is interpreted to mean the land to 
the "right hand," or "south," or the "distant 
country. ' ' It was long considered the most south- 
ern country of the inhabited world. This part of 
Arabia is not a desert but very productive, noted 
for its delicious fruits, fine horses, frankincense, 
and aromatics, in which its inhabitants traded 
with Egypt and Syria by caravans. Copper was 
found there and its copper mines are still worked. 
Extravagant accounts were given of their aroma- 
tics and precious metals. Their chief town was 
Savas, or Mariaba, the most beautiful town in 
Arabia. 

b. Dedan.— References.— Isa. 21 :13 ; Eze. 27 :12- 
15, 20-23 ; 38 :13 ; Jer. 49 :8 ; Eze. 25 :13 ; Jer. 25 :23. 

Dedan was doubtless located on the Persian 
Gulf near Chaldea. Kalisch thinks that they set- 
tled in two places, on the northwest coast of the 
Arabian Gulf, and probably on an island Daden 
in the Persian Gulf. They were a commercial peo- 
ple who traversed the desert with their goods. 

5. Sabtechah. — References — Gen. 10 :7 ; I Chron. 
1 :9; 0. N. pp. 207, 210; Kal. p. 252; E. B. p. 26; 
Sac. Chron. p. 276; H. B. p. 99. 

We cannot as yet determine just what race is 



HAMITIC RACES 29 

here meant. Being associated with Raamah we 
may presume that it was an Arabian tribe. 

So Cush settled in the southern zone, in Africa 
and Arabia. Not only do we have the evidence 
in the Bible that Cush occupied Arabia, which is 
usually spoken of as Semitic, but ethnological 
science points in the same direction. Races in 
southern Arabia still speak a language decidedly 
non-Semitic, a language akin to the language of 
certain tribes in Abyssinia. (See 0. N. pp. 208, 
209; Kal. pp. 252, 253; McClintock & Strong, art. 
"Cush.") 

6. Nimrod. — References. — Gen. 10 :8-10 ; I 
Chron. 1 :9 ; Micah 5 :6 ; 0. N. pp. 210-214 ; Kal. pp. 
252-263; R. 0. T. pp. 66, 140; E. B. pp. 26, 50 f . ; 
Sac. Chron. pp. 277, 278 ; H. B. pp. 202, 203, 210- 
212; McClintock & Strong, arts. "Nimrod" and 
"Cush." 

Here we have some personal history. Our text 
makes Nimrod the founder of the Babylonian 
kingdom. Shinar is the low country about Baby 
Ion, and Babel is doubtless Babylon. Erech is the 
modern Warka, 120 miles southeast of Babylon 
where many ancient remains have been recov- 
ered. Accad is found on the monuments. It re- 
fers to a race and also to a city. The city is 
probably the mound "Tel Nimroud" northeast of 
Babel. Calneh was, according to Kalisch, on the 
Tigris 18 miles below Bagdad. 



30 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Were the early inhabitants of Babylon and 
Assyria Hamitic? Rawlinson answers, Yes. Sir 
Henry Rawlinson found a great similarity of lan- 
guage between Egyptian, ancient and modern, 
Ethiopia, Southern Arabian and ancient Babylo- 
nian; that they are " varieties of one original 
form of speech." McClintock and Strong says, 
' ' There is abundant evidence that the race which 
first held sway in the lower Babylonian plain was 
of Cushite or Hamitic extraction, ' ' and that ' ' The 
earliest written language of Babylonia as known 
to us from existing inscriptions bears a strong 
resemblance to that of Egypt and Ethiopia" (Art. 
"Nimrod.") 

Again they say, ' ' Thus the Cushites appeared to 
have spread along tracts extending from the 
higher Nile to the Euphrates and Tigris. Phi- 
lological and ethnological data lead to the same 
conclusion' * (Art. "Cush. ,> ) 

Sayce thinks the pre-Semitic population of 
Babylon still offers many difficulties which can- 
not be cleared up at present (R. 0. T. p. 140). 
But Babel was built on the plain of Shinar and 
Babylon became the "home of many races.' ' It 
is not, therefore, surprising that ethnologists find 
it difficult to determine from the basis of lan- 
guage alone who the primitive inhabitants were. 
Every sure result of modern science substan- 
tiates the Bible account, which is the true one. 



HAM1TIC RACES 31 

Mizraim 

References.— Gen. 10:6; I Chron. 1:9; Ps. 105: 
23, 27; 0. N. p. 194; Kal. pp. 263, 264; R, 0. T. 
pp. 52, 143; E. B. p. 27; Sac. Chron. pp. 278, 279; 
H. B. p. 192; McClintock & Strong, art. "Miz- 
raim. ' ' 

Mizraim is the Hebrew name for Egypt. It is 
dual in form and is thought to mean the "two 
Mazors, ' ' or walls of fortification, from which the 
country was named. Sometimes lower Egypt is 
referred to under the singular form Mazor (II 
Kings 19:24; Isa. 19:6; 37:25, R. V. mar.). And 
upper Egypt is called Pe-to-Res "the land of the 
south" in ancient Egyptian, and Pathros in the 
Bible (Isa. 11:11). The existing Arabic name 
of Egypt is Muzr, an abbreviated form of the 
ancient Hebrew name. Egypt is also called the 
"land of Ham" in the Hebrew scriptures (Ps. 
105:23, 27; 78:51). 

1. Ludim. — References. — Gen. 10:13; I Chron. 
1 :11 ; Nahum 3 :9 ; Jer. 46 :9 ; 0. N. pp. 215-217 ; 
Kal. p. 264; R. 0. T. p. 53; H. B. p. 192. 

It seems clear that this was an African tribe, 
and not the Lydians of Asia Minor, as taught by 
some. Their exact location is largely a matter of 
conjecture. 

2. Anamim. — References. — Gen. 10 :13 ; I Chron. 
1:11; 0. N. p. 217; Kal. p. 264; R. 0. T. p. 53, 
H. B. p. 93. 



32 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

We have only conjecture as to who these peo- 
ple were. They probably did not remain a sepa- 
rate people long, but were absorbed by Egypt or 
Ethiopia. 

3. Lehabim. — References. — Gen. 10 :13 ; I Chron. 
1:9; II Chron. 12:3; 16:8; Nahum 3:9; 0. N. p. 
218; Kal. pp. 263, 264; R. O. T. pp. 53, 54; H. B. 
p. 193. 

The Lehabim or Lubim are referred to quite 
often in the scriptures in connection with Egypt. 
They were probably the Libyans, a powerful peo- 
ple of the west of Egypt who served in the 
Egyptian army, and who at one time placed a 
dynasty, that of Shishak, on the throne. 

4. Naphtuhim. — References. — Gen. 10 :13 ; I 
Chron. 1 :11 ; O. N. p. 218 ; Kal. p. 265 ; R. 0. T. 
p. 53. 

Here again we are uncertain. Na-Petu, some- 
where on the western border of Egypt, Napata, 
a Libyan town, and Memphis are given respective- 
ly by the authors above referred to, but all is 
conjecture. 

5. Pathrusim. — References. — Gen. 10 :4 ; I 
Chron. 1 :11 ; Isa. 11 :11 ; Jer. 44 :1, 15 ; Eze. 29 :14 ; 
30:14; 0. N. pp. 218, 219; Kal. p. 266; R. 0. T. p. 
53 ;H. B. p. 193. 

Pathrusim, or Pathros, is doubtless the "south- 
ern country," or the Thebais. It played an im- 
portant part in Egyptian history, and was no 



HAMITIC RACES 33 

doubt at first separate. It is called the "Phatur- 
ite ' ' nome by Pliny, a Roman writer. 

6. Casluhim. — References. — Gen. 10 :14 ; I 
Chron. 1:12; Deut. 2:23; Jer. 47:4; Amos 9:7; 0. 
N. pp. 219, 220; Kal. p. 266; R. 0. T. p. 53; H. 
B. pp. 193, 194. 

The Caslnhim are still obscure. The Philistines 
are spoken of in Genesis and Chronicles as com- 
ing from Casluhim. Other scriptures, however, 
seem to derive the Philistines from Caphtorim. 
This has led some to suggest that the order of 
words should here be changed, but the whole 
question is one of such uncertainty that it is 
quite impossible to arrive at a definite conclusion. 

7. Caphtorim. — R eference s. — Gen. 10 :14 ; I 
Chron. 1 :12 ; Kal. p. 267 ; 0. N. pp. 220, 221 ; R. 0. 
T. pp. 53, 126; H. B. p. 194; McClintock & Strong, 
art. "Caphtor." 

Rawlinson and Kalisch identify this people with 
the Coptos, just north of Thebes, called by the 
modern Copts, Keft or Kuft. On the other hand 
Sayee and Geikie adopt the idea that they lived 
on the coast of the Great Sea north of Egypt and 
were a Phoenician colony, Kaft-ur being, accord- 
ing to Sayce, the Egyptian name " Greater Phoe- 
nicia." The scripture references above referred 
to, where the Philistines seemed to be derived 
from Caphtorim, would seem to support this 
view (Jer. 47:4, R. V. mar.), but in the absence 



34 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

of further proof we must leave this name to con- 
jecture. 

Phut 

References.— Gen. 10 :6 ; I Chron. 1 :8 ; Jer. 46 :9 ; 
38 :5 ; Eze. 27 :10 ; 30 :5 ; Nahum 3 :9 ; O. N. pp. 194- 
196; Kal. p. 268; R. 0. T. pp. 54, 55; E. B. p. 28; 
Sac. Chron. pp. 279, 280; H. B. p. 195 ; McClintock 
& Strong, art. "Phut." 

Phut is mentioned in connection with both 
Asiatic and African people. It is very probable 
that they were African people who were some- 
times mercenaries of Asiatic powers. Many have 
followed the ancient tradition that Phut is the 
Libyans (Kalisch, Jones), but others who take 
the Libyans to be represented in our list bv Le- 
habim seek elsewhere for an identification of Phut. 
Rawlinson takes them to be a people between 
Ethiopia and Esrypt, called "Pet" by the Egyp- 
tians. Sayce thinks that we have a reference to 
them in the annals of Nebuchadnezzar, king of 
Babylon, where he speaks of defeating the Egyp- 
tian monarch, and also the soldiers of "Phut- 
Yavan," or "Phut of the Ionians." He suggests 
that their location may have been at Kyrene (or 
Cyrene). 

Canaan 
References.— Gen. 10:15-20: I Chron. 1:13-16; 
O. N. pp. 196-203; Kal. pp. 268-270; R. O. T. pp. 
55, 56, 169; E. B. pp. 28, 29; Sac. Chron. p. 280; 



HAMITIC RACES 35 

H. B. pp. 196, 197; McClintock & Strong, art. 
1 ' Canaan. ' ' 

Canaan is the land of Phoenicia and that part 
of Palestine between the Jordan River and the 
Mediterranean Sea. It is even made to include 
more than this at times in the Old Testament. Ca- 
naan, or Kinakh-khi, is mentioned in the Tel el- 
Amarna letters written from Palestine to the 
Egyptian court a century before the exodus. 

There has been some controversy over the ques- 
tion of the race to which the inhabitants of Ca- 
naan belonged. Arguments have been produced 
to prove that the language of the Canaanites was 
Semitic. It is generally believed that the Phoeni- 
cians of history were Semitic, but it is evident 
that they were not the original race in that coun- 
try. The Canaanites "yielded gradually to the 
encroachments of the Hebrews upon the south, 
and to those of the Assyrians and other Semitic 
nations to the north, and finally died out and dis- 
appeared," (Rawlinson). 

The biblical writer gives here very detailed in- 
formation in regard to the inhabitants of the land 
of his people, mentioning eleven different races 
which inhabited the small land of Palestine. 
Most of these tribes are obscure and we know 
nothing of their language (0. N. p. 201).* 

*See Appendix I, on "The Early Inhabitants of Palestine". 
Directions.— Draw a map of Palestine and locate these early tribes of Canaan, 
and later pot in, with another colored Ink, the tribes of the patriarchal age. 



36 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

1. Sidon. — References. — Gen. 10:15; I Chron. 
1:13; Isa. 23:2; Josh. 11:8; 19:28; 0. N. pp. 199, 
200, 224, 225; Kal. p. 270; R. O. T. pp. 56, 57, 
102; E. B. pp. 29, 30; Sac. Chron. pp. 280-283; H. 
B. p. 196. 

Sidon was in the earliest times the chief town 
of Phoenicia, and the name was used to designate 
the whole country (Deut. 3:9; Eze. 32:30). It 
was later surpassed by Tyre. The Phoenicians 
were the great seafaring and colonizing people of 
the orient and were very famous. According to 
tradition, the Phoenicians came from near the 
shores of the Persian Gulf, and philological re- 
search has shown that they spoke a Semitic lan- 
guage. This being true, it is very probable that 
the Phoenicians of history were the successors 
of the tribes of Canaanites who settled that coun- 
try, the Sidon of Genesis 10, for they are there 
declared to be Hamitic. Speaking of the Phoeni- 
cians, Rawlinson says, ''It would seem that they 
expelled the Canaanites from the coast tract and 
took possession of their towns, the names of which 
they retained, while they built also a number of 
new cities.' ' 

2. Heth.— References.— Gen. 10:15; I Chron. 
1:13; Gen. 15:20; 23:3-20; I Kings 9:20; Num. 
13:29; Josh. 9:1, 2; II Kings 7 :6, 7; 0. N. p. 197; 
Kal. p. 271 ; R. 0. T. pp. 40, 43, 57, 103, 121, 130- 
142; E. B. pp. 20, 21; Sac. Chron. pp. 283, 284; H. 



HAMITIC RACES 37 

B. pp. 197, 198; MeClintock & Strong, art. "Hit- 
tites;" S. B. D., art. "Hittites;" Mon. & 0. T. 
pp. 262-266. 

Heth, or the Hittites, were a very powerful 
ancient people, often mentioned in the Old Testa- 
ment. The discovered monuments of this people, 
with their peculiar hieroglyphic writing have 
been the subject of much study of late years. 
Their original seat was in the Taurus Mountains 
in Asia Minor, and at the head of the Gulf of 
Antioch. From here they emigrated northwest 
into Asia Minor, and southward into Syria. Ruins 
of a city and temple or palace still exist at two 
cities in Cappadocia. Sayce thinks they had an 
influence on the civilization of pre-historic Greece. 
Their southward march has been revealed clearly 
by the Tel el-Amarna tablets, in which the Egyp- 
tian king is implored by the princess of Syria 
for aid against them. They were successful in 
their invasion, and Carchemish on the Euphrates 
became their capitol. They became very power- 
ful and were able to contend with Egypt and 
treat with her on equal terms. 

Hittites were in Cannan in the time of Abraham 
and were among the chief tribes at the time of 
the conquest by Joshua. They were made tribu- 
tary by Solomon. The presence of Hittites in 
southern Palestine has been confirmed, says Sayce, 
by the study of the ethnological types of the 
Egyptian monuments. 



38 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Only a beginning has been made in the study 
of the language of this people. It is not Semitic, 
and research rather points to a close relationship 
to the Hamitic languages. Sayee conjectures that 
they were the north surviving race of the pre- 
Semitic population of Babylon (R. 0. T. p. 141), 
and this race was without doubt Hamitic. This 
is a strong testimony in favor of the Hamitic 
origin of Heth. The fuller and more definite our 
knowledge becomes of some of these obscure ques- 
tions, the more clearly is seen the exact truth of 
the Scripture. 

3. Jebusites. — References. — Gen. 10 :16 ; I 
Chron. 1:14; Judges 19:10; 1:8, 21; Eze. 16:3, 45; 
Num. 13 :29 ; I Kings 9 :21 ; I Chron. 11 :4, 7 ; Josh. 
15:63; 0. N. p. 197; Kal. pp. 271, 272; R. O. T. 
pp. 57, 58, 102, 103, 111, 121, 122; E. B. pp. 31, 32; 
Sac. Chron. pp. 284, 285; H. B. p. 198. 

The Jebusites lived in and around Jerusalem 
which was not conquered until David's time, and 
they were not then exterminated, for we hear of 
them much later. While they are distinguished 
clearly from the Amorites and Hittites, it would 
seem from Ezekiel that they were descended from 
these two races. 

4. Amorites. — References. — Gen. 10 :16 ; I 
Chron. 1:14; Josh. 24:18; Amos. 2:9, 10; Gen. 
15 :16 ; 14 :7, 13 ; Deut. 1 :20 ; Judges 1 :34-36 ; Num. 
13:29; 21:13-26; 32:33; Deut. 3:8; Josh. 10:5; I 



HAMITIC RACES 39 

Kings 9:20; Judges 3:5; Ezra 9:1; 0. N. p. 197; 
Kal. p. 272; R. 0. T. pp. 56, 59, 102, 110, 111-117, 
120, 128; H. B. pp. 198, 199; E. B. p. 32; Sac. 
Chron. p. 285; McClintock & Strong, art. "Amor- 
ites ; " S. B. D., art. ' ' Amorites. ' ' 

The Amorites were a very powerful and numer- 
ous people of Palestine, and have been thought, 
in some cases, to be taken to represent the whole 
land. They were doubtless among the early in- 
habitants, being spoken of in Abraham's time. 
Sayce thinks the Anakim, Rephaim, and Zamzum- 
min may have been early Amorite tribes. 

Israel found southern Palestine mostly in the 
hands of the Amorites. At the time of the con- 
quest there seems to have been seven nations of 
them, — five west and two east of the Jordan. 
Though defeated by Moses they were never fully 
driven out, but they were brought under bondage 
by Solomon. They were present still in the time 
of Ezra. 

In the Tel el-Amarna letters and in Egyptian 
inscriptions the land of the "Ammura," or 
"Amar," is to the north of Canaan. Sayce, com- 
bining the Bible and monumental records, thinks 
there must have been two centers from which 
they spread. In both the north and south they 
seem to have been connected with the Hittites 
more or less. 

5. Girgasites. — References. — Gen. 10 ;16 ; I 



40 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Chron. 1:14; Gen. 15:21; Deut. 7:1; Josh. 24:11; 
O. N. p. 197; Kal. p. 272; R. 0. T. p. 122; E. B. 
p. 32; Sac. Chron. p. 285; H. B. p. 199. 

This tribe is mentioned only in connection with 
other tribes and it is a matter of conjecture as to 
where they were located. Sayce favors north 
Palestine, and Kalisch the middle western part. 
The theory that they inhabited the country of 
Gadara seems to have no foundation. 

6. Hivites. — References. — Gen. 10:17; I Chron 
1 :15 ; Josh. 9 :3-27 ; 11 :19 ; Gen. 34 :2 ; II Sam. 21 :2 
Gen. 48 :22 ; Josh. 11 :3 ; Judges 3 :3 ; II Sam. 24 :7 
I Kings 9:20; 0. N. p. 197; Kal. p. 272; R. 0. T 
pp. 119, 120; E. B. pp. 32, 33; Sac. Chron. pp 
285, 286; H. B. p. 199. 

The Hivites are mentioned in connection with 
two localities especially, — Shechem and Gibeon 
in the south, and the foot of Hermon and Lebanon 
in the north. The inhabitants of Gibeon are also 
called Amorites, a term probably used in a gen- 
eral sense for several tribes. The name Hivite 
has not been recognized on the monumental in- 
scriptions. 

7. Arkites. — References. — Gen. 10:17; I Chron. 
1:17; O. N. p. 200; Kal. pp. 272, 273; R. 0. T. pp. 
58, 103, 130; E. B. p. 33; Sac. Chron. p. 286; H. 
B. p. 200. . «H 

All are agreed that this name represents the 
inhabitants of a Phoenician town at the northwest 



HAMITIC RACES 41 

foot of Lebanon. "Its ruins are still extant at 
TelArka." 

8. Sinites.— References.— Gen. 10:17; I Chron. 
1 :15 ; Kal. p. 273 ; R. 0. T. pp. 58, 130 ; E. B. p. 
33 ; Sac. Chron. p. 287 ; H. B. p. 200. 

All are alike agreed that this was an obscure 
tribe which was near Arka. A small village called 
Sini existed there as late as the fifteenth century. 

9. Arvadites. — References. — Gen. 10 :18 ; I 
Chron. 1:16; Eze. 27:8, 11; O. N. p. 200; Kal. p. 
273 ; E. B. p. 33 • Sac. Chron. p. 286 ; R, O. T. p. 
58 ; H. B. p. 200. 

The Arvadites probably inhabited the little 
island of Aradus off the coast of northern Phoe- 
nicia. It became a very important and flourishing 
settlement which sent out colonies. Ezekiel men- 
tions them as soldiers and a seafaring people. 
The modern village is called Ruad, and ruins of 
the ancient city are still preserved. 

10. Zemarites. — References. — Gen. 10 :8 ; I 
Chron. 1:16; O. N. p. 200; R. O. T. pp. 58, 59; E. 
B. p. 33 ; Sac. Chron. p. 286 ; H. B. p. 200. 

The best authorities identify this name with a 
town on the western slope of Lebanon, Simyra, or 
Smyrna, probably represented by the modern 
Sumrah, where considerable ruins exist. 

11. Hamathites. — References. — Gen. 10:18; I 
Chron. 1 :16 ; Amos 6 :2 ; Josh. 13 :5 ; II Sam. 8 :9 ; 
Isa. 37:12, 13; O. N. p. 224; R. 0. T. pp. 59, 132, 



42 



DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 



E. B. p. 33; Sac. Chron. pp. 286, 287; H. B. p. 200. 
These were doubtless the inhabitants of the im- 
portant city of Hamath on the Orontes River. It 
was ruled by its own king in the time of David 
and had considerable territory. It is still an im- 
portant city, and Hittite inscriptions have been 
found there. 



^'Sk 





j^mtttr Sarca 



That the author's chief interest centered in the 
Hebrew race is shown by the opening statement 
concerning Shem: that he was the "father of all 
the children of Eber." Eber, or Heber, was the 
progenitor of the Hebrews. 

Elam 

References.— Gen. 10:22; I Chron. 1:17; Isa. 
22 :6 ; Jer. 49 :35 ; Ezra 4 :2, 9, 10 ; Isa. 11 :11 ; 21 :2 ; 
Jer. 25:25; 49:34-39; Eze. 32:24; Dan. 8:2; cf. 
Neh. 1:1; Esther 1:2; 2:5; Ezra 4:9; 0. N. pp. 
229-231; Kal. p. 277; R. 0. T. pp. 40, 59, 138, 139; 
E. B. p. 34; Sac. Chron. pp. 288-291; H. B. pp. 
201, 202. 

Elam was a mountain country east of Babylon, 
which is often mentioned in the scriptures as one 
of the early and strong nations of the east. Its 
territory was probably about the same as Persia, 
which is not mentioned in our list. Susa, or the 
"Shushan' , of the Bible, was its capital. The 
great conqueror of early times, Chedorlaomer, 
who overran the westland and took Abraham's 
nephew Lot, was King of Elam (Gen. 14). In 

43 



44 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

the time of the Medo-Persian supremacy Elam 
was a province of that empire, and there was a 
palace in Shushan. Sayee says that the language 
of Elam was non-Semitic, but here again we prob- 
ably have two races and a mixed language. In- 
deed the country has two names, — Elymais, prob- 
ably given by the earliest inhabitants, the Semites ; 
and Kissia, from Cush (0. N. p. 231). Geikie 
supports this idea. 

Asshur 

References.— Gen. 10:11, 12; I Chron. 1:17; Gen. 
2:14; II Kings 19:20, 36, 37; Ps. 83:8; Kal. pp. 
277, 260, 254; 0. N. pp. 231, 232; E. B. p. 35; Sac. 
Chron. pp. 291, 292; R. 0. T. pp. 59-61; H. B. pp. 
202-204. 

Asshur is Assyria, and is so translated for the 
most part all through the Bible. According to the 
revised version and the margin of the authorized, 
its principal towns were founded by Cushites. 
But it was predominantly a Semitic nation. The 
name is taken from its old capitol Assur, or 
Asshur, now the mound Kala Sherghat. Modern 
research has shown a close relation between the 
science, customs, religion, and traditions of Baby- 
lon and Assyria, Babylon being recognized as the 
mother country. Assyria became a great empire 
and dominated the East for several centuries. It 
came to an end about 606 B. C. 



SEMITIC RACES 45 

Arphaxad 

References.— Gen. 10:22, 24; I Chron. 1:17, 18, 
24; Gen. 11:10-13, 27, 31 j Luke 3:36; 0. N. pp. 
232, 233; R. 0. T. pp. 59, 64; Kal. pp. 277-279; 
H. B. pp. 204, 227, 228; E. B. p. 35; Sac. Chron. p. 
292 ; Mon. & O. T. p. 99f ; McClintock & Strong, 
art. "Arphaxad." 

It would seem from the connection in which it 
occurs, that Arphaxad refers to a nation. At the 
same time the list here seems to be a personal one, 
and these names are so used in Gen. 11:10-26, 
where the descent is traced from Shem to Abra- 
ham through Arphaxad, who, it is said, was born 
two years after the flood. The objective point, 
no doubt, is to show the progenitors and relatives 
of the Hebrew race. Arphaxad as a race may 
never have obtained much prominence, as every 
effort to identify them seems to meet with fail- 
ure. Both Rawlinson and Sayce admit that no 
light has been thrown on this name by modern 
research. The district of Arrhaphachitis in north- 
ern Assyria is often given, but there is no proof 
save the similarity of name. Late discovery and 
research has given abundant proof that "Ur of 
the Chaldees," Abraham's home, was in lower 
Babylonia, one hundred and fifty miles above the 
Persian Gulf, represented by the mounds of 
]\Iugheir. Wherever Arphaxad may have settled 
first, without doubt his descendants were in this 



46 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

locality. Abraham and his kindred moved from 
here to Haran, and it is a significant fact that we 
find the patron deity of Haran to have been the 
same as that of Ur, the moon god Sin. From there 
Abraham was called to leave his kindred and 
migrate to Palestine beyond the Euphrates, and 
his descendants took the name of Hebrews from 
Eber the grandson of Arphaxad. The descent is 
traced as follows: — 

A. Salah 
1. Eber 

a. Peleg 

b. Joktan 

Eber, who seems to be mentioned by Balaam 
as a distinctive nation (Num. 24:24), became 
divided into two nations, represented by Peleg, 
from whom descended Abraham; and Joktan, 
from whom descended the Arabians. Reserving 
the genealogy of Abraham until later, the author 
proceeds at once to enumerate the tribes that 
sprang from Joktan, and to give the general loca- 
tion of all, which is Arabia. Arabian tradition 
agrees that the Arabian tribes descended from 
Joktan, or Kahtan. While most of these shifting 
tribes of Arabia defy identification, we give be- 
low their names and the best results of scholarly 
research. 

Joktan.— References.— 0. N. pp. 246, 247; Kal. 
p. 279; E. B. p. 35; Sac. Chron. pp. 295, 296; R. 
0, T. pp. 65, 69; McClintock & Strong, art. 



SEMITIC RACES 47 

"Joktan;" S. B. D., art. "Joktan." 

a. Almodad. — Eeferences. — Gen. 10:26; I 
Chron. 1:20; 0. N. p. 247; Kal. p. 279. 

There is nothing but conjecture as to the loca- 
tion of this tribe. The form of the name is 
Arabic. 

b. Sheleph. — References. — Gen. 10 :26 ; I Chron. 
1:20; 0. N. p. 247; Kal. p. 249. 

Sheleph is thought to be the Selapeni, an inland 
tribe of Arabia Felix, mentioned by Ptolemy. 

c. Hazarmaveth. — References. — Gen. 10 :26 ; I 
Chron. 1 :20 ; 0. N. pp. 247, 248 ; Kal. pp. 279, 280 ; 
R. 0. T. p. 265. 

This name is identified with Hadramaut, a tract 
of southeastern Arabia. The ancient inhabitants, 
the Chattramotitae, of classical writers, were one 
of the most powerful races of Arabia. 

d. Jerah.— References.— Gen. 10:26; I Chron. 
1 :20; 0. N. p. 248: Kal. p. 280. 

A fortress, Yerakh, near Hadramaut is the same 
word and probably represents this tribe. 

e. Hadoram. — References. — Gen. 10:27; I 
Chron. 1 :21 ; 0. N. p. 248 ; Kal. p. 279. 

Kalisch thinks these were the Adramitae, in- 
habiting the same district as Hazarmaveth. 

f. Uzal.— References.— Gen. 10:27; I Chron. 
1:21;0. N. p. 248; Kal. p. 280. 

This seems to be the old name of the modern 
city Sana, the capital of Yemen which had an- 



48 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

ciently a flourishing trade. 

g. Diklah, h. Obal, and i. Abimael. — Refer- 
ences.— Gen. 10:27, 28; I Chron. 1:21, 22; O. N. 
pp. 248, 249 ; Kal. pp. 280, 281. 

These tribes cannot be identified. The city of 
Daklah in Yemen is suggested for the first. Obal 
appears as Ebal in Chronicles. 

j. Sheba. — References. — Gen. 10:28; I Chron. 
1:22; 0. N. p. 249; Kal. pp. 281, 251; R. 0. T. p. 
65 ; E. B. p. 36 ; Sac. Chron. p. 296. 

This race has been described under the sons of 
Cush, and was doubtless a mixture of the Hamitic 
and Semitic races, the latter predominating. 

k. Ophir. — References. — Gen. 10:29; I Chron. 
1 :23 ; I Kings 9 :28 ; 10 :11, 22 ; II Chron. 18 :18 ; 9 :9, 
21; Job 28:16; Ps. 45:15; Job 22:24; II Kings 
22:48, 49; 0. N. pp. 249, 250; Kal. pp. 281, 282; 
R. 0. T. p. 65 ; E. B. p. 36 ; Sac. Chron. p. 296 ; 
Mon. & 0. T. p. 137. 

There has been much discussion about the loca- 
tion of Ophir, but it can hardly be other than in 
Arabia. Anciently gold was very plentiful there 
so that the "gold of Ophir" became proverbial. 
From here Solomon received much of his wealth. 
The ancient metropolis of the Sabeans, Aphar, 
now Saphar or Zaphar, and the present town of 
Ophar in the province Oman, are suggested as 
probable localities for this tribe. 

1. Havilah.— R e f e r e n c e s.~ Gen. 10:29: I 



SEMITIC RACES 49 

Chron. 1 :23 ; 0. N. p. 250 ; Kal. p. 282, 249 ; R. 0. 
T. p. 65. Like Sheba, this was a mixed race and 
has been discussed. 

m. Jobab. — References. — Gen. 10:29; I Chron. 
1:23; 0. N. p. 250 ; Kal. p. 282. 

This name has not been identified. 

Lud 

References.— Gen. 10:22; I Chron. 1:17; Isa. 
66 :19 ; Eze. 27 :10 ; 0. N. pp. 233, 234 ; Kal. pp. 283, 
284; R. 0. T. p. 64; E. B. p. 37; Sac. Chron. pp. 
292, 293 ; H. B. pp. 204, 205 ; McClintock & Strong, 
art. "Lud." 

It has been commonly supposed that Lud is 
Lydia in Asia Minor, and this seems to be about 
the only plausible suggestion. About 600 B. C. 
it was a great kingdom. It became a subject prov- 
ince to Babylon and Medo-Persia. 

Aram 

References.— Gen. 10 :22, 23 ; I Chron. 1 :17 ; Isa. 
7 :8 ; Gen. 25 :20 ; cf . Hosea 12 :12 ; II Sam. 10 :16 ; II 
Kings 18:26; Ezra 4:7; 0. N. pp. 234, 235; Kal. 
pp. 284, 285; R. 0. T. pp. 63, 64, 69; E. B. pp. 37, 
38; Sac. Chron. pp. 293, 294; H. B. p. 205; Mc- 
Clintock & Strong, art. "Aram:" S. B. D., art. 
"Aram." 

Aram is Syria, and is so translated usually. It 
included the "wide territory between the Tigris 
and the Syrian coast of the Mediterranean, and 



50 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

from the Taurus indefinitely southward down to 
the Arabian tribes." The Arameans, or Syrians, 
played an important part in the ancient history 
of the east as we shall see, and "continued the 
predominate race in the country to the time of the 
Mohammedan conquest." "We have a part of 
their national literature in the Peshito, or Syriac 
version of the Old and New Testament. Aram 
had four sons. 

1. Uz.— References.— Gen. 10 :23 ; I Chron. 1 :17 j 
Job. 1:3, 15, 17; Jer. 25:20, 21; Lam. 4:21; 0. N. 
pp. 241, 242 ; Kal. pp. 285, 286 ; E. B. p. 38 ; Sac. 
Chron. p. 295 ; H. B. pp. 205, 206 ; R. O. T. p. 65. 

The best authorities are agreed that Uz or Huz, 
the home of the patriarch Job, was in northern 
Arabia. This region meets the conditions of the 
different texts referring to the country. It was 
a country of some prominence, being ruled by 
kings. 

2. Hul, and 3. Gether. — References. — Gen. 
10 :23 ; I Chron. 1 :17 ; 0. N. p. 242 ; Kal. p. 286 ; H. 
B. p. 206 ; E. B. p. 38 ; Sac. Chron. p. 295. 

We have only conjecture as to these names. 
Huleh, or Gulan, east of the Sea of Galilee has 
been suggested for Hul, and Geshur to which 
Absalom fled (II Sam. 3:2; 25:8), has been sug- 
gested for Gether. 

4. Mash.— References.— -Gen. 10:23; I Chron. 
1:17; O. N. pp. 242-244; Kal. pp. 286, 287 ;.E. B. 



SEMITIC RACES 



51 



p. 38; Sac. Chron. p. 295; R. 0. T. p. 65; H. B. p. 
206. 

This word is given Mesheeh in Chronicles and 
is so translated also in Genesis in the Septuagint. 
This has led Rawlinson and others to connect them 
with Mesheeh, the son of Japheth, as a mixed race, 
like the Sabeans who were both Hamitic and 
Semitic. Kalisch finds good authority for re- 
ferring them to the Mysians, who probably mi- 
grated to Asia Minor from Mons Masius in north- 
ern Mesopotamia; while Sayce refers them to 
northern Arabia, to a people referred to in the 
Assyrian inscriptions as Mass, or Mash. The con- 
nections would seem to favor this view. 




And there was given him dominion, and 
glory, and a kingdom, that all the peoples, na- 
tions, and languages should serve him: his do- 
minion is an everlasting dominion, which shall 
not pass away, and his kingdom that which 
shall not be destroyed. Dan. 7:14. A. R. V. 



This is indeed an " unparalleled list," and is 
worthy of the most careful study. ''These are 
the families of the sons of Noah after their gen- 
erations in their nations; and by these were the 
nations divided in the earth after the flood. ' ' ' 

In the next chapter the descendants of Peleg 
are given. 

Peleg 
Reu 
Serug 
Nahor 
Terah 
Abram 
God called Abraham to be the head of a chosen 
nation through whom the world should be blessed 
and through whom the seed of the woman should 
come. Abraham begat Isaac, and Isaac begat 
Jacob, and unto Jacob were born the twelve pa- 
triarchs, the heads of the twelve tribes of Israel 
"to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, 
and the covenants, and the giving of the law, 
and the service of God, and the promises ; whose 
are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the 
flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for 
ever. Amen" (Romans 9:4, 5). 

[53] 




itrotiotta for iUtriftuj 

Let the student carefully review the subject 
with special reference to — 

1. Character and importance of this table of 
nations. 

2. Characteristics and general location of the 
three great races. 

3. Principal races springing from the grandsons 
of Noah. 

4. Principles of the interpretation of historical 
names used in prophecy. 

5. The early inhabitants of Babylonia. 

6. The principal authorities on this subject. 
To fix the location of these races in mind — 

1. Make a chart showing their identity, location, 
and modern descendants, as far as possible. 

2. On an outline map of the ancient East, write 
the names of these races, (not including the sons 
of Canaan) using three colors for the three great 
races. 

[541 



Appwirtx 1 



The Early Inhabitants of Palestine 

In Gen. 14, Deut. 2, and other places, there are 
mentioned races which inhabited Palestine be- 
fore the Canaanites, and which are not included 
in this list of nations. Kalisch suggests that they 
may have been tribes of the Japhetic family. It 
is not an easy matter to form distinct ideas of 
these races, or to know just what territory they 
occupied. 

The Rephain seem originally to have inhabited 
the country between the Mediterranean and the 
River Jordan and Red Sea. The " Valley of Rep- 
haim" was near Jerusalem (Josh. 15:8, R. V.; 
II Sam. 5 :18, 22). Later they inhabited the north- 
ern part of Palestine east of the Jordan, the coun- 
try of Basham (Gen. 14:5; Josh. 12:4; Kal. pp. 
350, 351). 

The Zuzim are thought by Ewald and others to 
be the same as the Zamzummim, a race of giants, 
who were displaced by the Ammonites, one of the 
races that descended from Lot (Deut. 2 :19 ; Kal. 
pp. 351, 352). 

The Emim were a powerful race who were ex- 
pelled or exterminated by the Moabites before the 
time of Moses (Deut. 2:9-12; Kal. p. 352). 

The Horites dwelt in Mt. Seir (Deut. 2:22), 
the country extending south from the Dead Sea ; 
called afterward Edom, from the descendants of 

[55] 



56 



DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 



Esau who displaced the Horites (Kal. p. 352). 

The Avvim are said to have dwelt in the vicin- 
ity of Gaza, and to have been destroyed by the 
Caphtorim (Deut. 2:23). 

The Anakim were a race of giants who dwelt at 
Hebron, and were defeated by Joshua (Num. 
13:23; Josh. 15:13). 




KpptvMx Z 



Notes On the Principal Authorities On the Distri- 
bution of the Races. 

1. HERODOTUS, the "Father of History," was 
born about 484 B. C. in the town of Halicarnassus, 
Asia Minor. His parents belonged to the upper 
rank of society. At an early age he studied the 
Greek literature of that day. He traveled much, 
visiting Italy, Egypt, and Babylonia, and de- 
scribes with vigor the wonders of the different 
lands. His principal work is a universal history 
treating chiefly on the Persian wars with Greece. 
All of his statements are not to be relied upon, as 
he told some things from mere hearsay. He lived 
to be about sixty years old. 

2. FLAVIUS JOSEPHUS was born at Jerusa- 
lem 37 A. D. and died probably about the year 95 
A. D. His family were of noble birth, and de- 
scended all along from priests. At an early age 
the boy had a great memory and understanding, 
also an intense love for learning. At sixteen he 
began the study of the sects, and after studying 
their various doctrines he joined himself to the 
Pharisees. Not all his writings have come down 
to us. His principal works are, — (1.) Antiquity 
of the Jews, in twenty books, covering the history 
of the Jews from creation to 66 A. D. ; (2.) His- 
tory of the Jewish Wars, in seven books; time 
covered, 170 B. C. to the destruction of Jerusalem ; 

[57] 






58 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

(3.) Autobiography, in 26 chapters, the only rec- 
ord we have of the life of Josephus. Often 
Josephus doubts the care of Providence toward 
his people, for example, the crossing of the Red 
Sea and the swallowing of Jonah. His work is 
valuable to the student of the Bible because of his 
treatment of the antiquities of the Jews, but it is 
not considered authoritative history. 

3. GEORGE RAWLINSON, an English scholar, 
was born at Chadlington, Oxfordshire, Nov. 23, 
1815. He was educated in Trinity College, Ox- 
ford, and graduated from the first class in classics 
in 1838. He then entered Exeter College and be- 
came a fellow there in 1840 and was a tutor from 
1842-46. In 1860 he published his notable ' ' Bamp- 
ton Lectures" on the "Historic Evidence for the 
Truth of the Christian Records." His historical 
works cover nearly the entire history of the an- 
cient Orient, commencing with an edition of He- 
rodotus (1858-1860) in which many of his 
brother's discoveries are incorporated. He pub- 
lished his "Great Monarchies" in 1862-1868, and 
the "Origin of Nations" in 1878. In 1861 he be- 
came Professor of Ancient History in the univer- 
sity of Oxford. He was a brother of Sir Henry 
Rawlinson who made a study of the cuneiform of 
wedge shaped inscription of Persia, and who also 
made a translation of the famous Behistun in- 
scription in Darius. He died at Canterbury, Eng- 
land, Oct. 6, 1902. 



APPENDIX 59 

4. MARCUS M. KALISCH, a Jewish scholar, 
was born May 16, 1825, at Treptow, in Pomerania. 
He obtained his education at the Gymnasium of 
the Graue Kloster in Berlin, the University of 
Berlin, Halle, and the Rabinical College at Berlin. 
His works are as follows : ' ' Commentary on Exo- 
dus, ' ' 1855 ; ' ' Commentary on Genesis, ' ' 1858 ; two 
volumes on "Leviticus," 1867 and 1872 respec- 
tively; a series of studies on the "Prophecies of 
Balaam," 1877; and on "Jonah" in 1878; "Bath 
and Goal," 1880; Hebrew Grammar, 1862-1863; 
and a collection of German poems, 1868. His 
works are very learned and thorough. He was 
assisted by the Rothchild family in getting out 
his first work. He died Aug. 23, 1885, and was 
buried at Willesden in the Jewish cemetery. 

5. A. H. SAYCE, was born in Shirehampton, 
Sept. 25, 1846. He was educated at Grosvenor 
College, Bath, and Queen's College, Oxford, of 
which he became a fellow in 1869, and a tutor 
in 1870. He took orders the same year in the 
Anglican church. In 1876 he was made Professor 
of comparative philology. Among his writings 
are Assyrian grammar, published in 1872 and 
1875, "Principles of Comparative Philology," 
1874; "Introduction to the Science of Language," 
1880; "Monuments of the Hittites," 1881; "Van- 
nic Inscriptions," translated in 1882; "Higher 
Criticism and the Monuments," 1884; "Ancient 



60 DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 

Empires of the East," 1892; "Monumental Facts 
and Higher Critical Fancies." One of his prin- 
cipal works has been to show the relationship of 
Assyrian to the other languages of the Semitic 
family. He is still at Oxford. 

6. CUNNINGHAM GEIKIE, was a British 
clergyman and was born at Edinburgh, Oct. 26, 
1826. He was educated at the University of Edin- 
burgh, and held pastorates in Toronto and Hali- 
fax, Canada, and in England. In 1876 he took 
orders in the Church of England and he has held 
rectorships in Paris and at Barnstaple. Among 
his works are, "The Backwoods of Canada," 
1864; "Great and Precious Promises," 1872; 
"Life and Words of Christ," 1877; "Old Testa- 
ment Portraits," 1878, and "Hours with the 
Bible," 1881, in a series of volumes. He is a 
prominent Low Church Leader. 

7. ALONZO T. JONES, was one of a troop of 
soldiers who entered Fort Walla Walla, Washing- 
ton, over thirty years ago. While at this place 
he heard Eld. I. D. VanHorn preach the doctrines 
of Seventh-Day Adventists, and accepted them. 
After this he became very much interested in 
the subjects of prophecy and history, and has 
spent much time in studying these subjects. He 
has held some of the most responsible positions 
in the Seventh-day Adventist denomination, hav- 
ing been connected with the Pacific Press Pub- 



APPENDIX 61 

lishing Association and the Review and Herald 
Publishing Association as editor of the AMERI- 
CAN SENTINEL and REVIEW AND HERALD. 
He re-arranged " Sacred Chronology," and wrote 
the "Peopling of the Earth." Other works of 
his are, — "Two Republics," "Empires of the 
Bible," "Empires of Prophecy," "Ecclesiastical 
Empires," besides numerous tracts and pamphlets. 

8. PETER JENSEN, ranks foremost among As- 
syriologists. He studied theology in Leipsic and 
Berlin, and took work at Strassburg under Prof. 
Noldike. At the age of thirty years he took the 
chair of Semitic Philology in Marburg, which he 
still holds. His best time and effort have been 
devoted to the work of deciphering the Hittite 
inscriptions. 

9. ADAM CLARKE,the distinguished Methodist 
minister and Biblical commentator, was born near 
Londonderry, Ireland, in 1762. By favor of John 
Wesley he was admitted to a school near Bristol. 
In 1782 he became an itinerant preacher, and in 
1805 settled in London where he began the writ- 
ing of his commentaries. He died of cholera in 
London in 1832. 

10. McCLINTOCK & STRONG'S Biblical, Theo- 
logical, and Ecclesiastical Cyclopedia, was com- 
menced in 1853, the first volume issued in 1867, and 
the last in 1887. In the original plans Dr. Strong 
was to have exclusive charge of the articles on Bi- 



62 



DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 



blieal literature, and for the articles on theology 
Dr. McClintock was responsible. The editors 
were assisted by a large number of collaborators 
and contributors. In 1870 Dr. McClintock died, 
leaving the completion of the work to his col- 
leagues. The Cyclopedia is a great work, probab- 
ly the best of its kind at present. 




HJntox. 



Abimael 

Abraham 

Accad 

Almodad 

Amorites 

Anakim 

Arabia 

Arabia Felix (See 

Aram 

Arkites 

Armenia 

Arphaxad 

Arvadites 

Ashkenaz 

Asshur 

Assyria 

Awin 

Babel 

Babylon 

Calneh 

Canaan 

Canaanites 

Caphtorim 

Carthage 

Casluhim 

Chedorlaomer 

Clarke, Adam 

Cush 

Cyaxeres 

Cyprus 

Cyrene 

Dedan 

Diklah 

Dodanim 

Eber 

Elam 

Elishah 

Emim 

English 

Erech - 

Ethiopia 

Ezekiel - 



48 

45, 46, 52 

29 



38, 



47 
39 
56 
46 
Yemen) 

49-51 
40, 41 

15 

45>46 

41 

i3»i4 

44 

44 

56 

29 

30 

29 

35-42 

35 

33 

21 

33 
43 

61 

25-30, 44 
17 

20, 21 

34 

28 

48 

21, 22 

46 

- 43 
19 

55 

- 15 
29 

- 25 

- 16, 17 



Geikie, Cunningham - 60 
Genesis Ten - 8-1 1, 52 



G ether 




50 


Girgasites 


- 


- 40 


GoldofOphir - 


- 


- -48 


Gomer 


■ 13-15, 17 


Greeks, Decendants of 


Javan 


- 19 


Hadoram - - 


- 


- 47 


Hamath 




- 42 


Hamathites 




41, 42 


Hamitic Race 


- 


- 11 


Divisions of 


- 


25-24 


Havilah - - 26, 


27 


48, 49 


Hazermaveth 




- 47 


Herodotus 


- 


- 57 


Heth 


- 


36-38 


Hittites 




-37, 38 


Hivites 




- 40 


Horites 


- 


55, 56 


Hul - - 




- 50 


Irish 


- 


- 14 


Japhetic Race 


11 


13-23 


Javan - - - 




18, 19 


Jebusites 




- 38 


Jerah 


- 


47 


Jensen, Peter 




- 61 


Jerusalem 


- 


- 38 


Job 




- 50 


Jobab 


- 


49 


Joktan 


- 


46-49 


Jones, Alonzo T. 


- 


60, 61 


Josephus 




- 47 


Kalisch, M. M. . 




59 


Kimmerians 




12 


Kittim 


- 


20, 21 


Lehabim 




- 32 


Libyans - - 


17 


32,34 


Lud 




• 49 


Ludim 


- 


3i 



64 



DISTRIBUTION OF THE RACES 



Lydia 


49 


Madai 


18 


Magog - 


- 16-18 


Mash 


50 


Mazor 


31 



McClintock & Strong 61, 62 
Medes , - 18 

Meshech - - 17, 22,23, 51 
Mizraim * - - 31 

Moscow 23 

Naphtuhim 32 

Nimrod - - 29, 30 

Obal - - - - 48 
Ophir - - - - 48 
Palestine - - 17, 55 
Pathros - - 31, 32 
Pathrusim - 32, 33 

Peleg 46 

Persia 43 

Persians - - 17 

Philistines - - 33 

Philology - • - 8, 11, 36 
Phoenician - - 35, 36 
Phoenicians, Origin and 

Language - 36 
Phut - - - - 34 
Prophecy, Principles of 

Interpretation - 16, 17 
Raamah 27 

Rawlinson, Geo. - - 58 
Rephaim - - - 55 
Ripath ... 14, 15 
Rhodes 22 

Rodanim - - - 22 
Rosh - - 17, 23 

Sabean 28 

Sabtah 27 

Sabtechah - - 28, 29 



Salah 46 

Sayce - - 10, 11, 59, 60 
Scotch Highlandeis, 
thought to be decend- 
ants from Ripath - 14 
Seba 26 

Semitic Race - 11, 43-51 
Shinar 29 

Ships of Tarshish - 20 
Shishak 32 

Sheba - - 27, 28, 48 
Sheleph - - - 47 
Shushan - - 43, 44 
Sidon 36 

Sinites 41 

Smith, Uriah - - 21 
Syria - - - -49, 50 
Syriac Version - - 50 
Sythians - ■ 16-18 
Tarshish - - - 20 
Tartessus 20 

Tel el-Amarna Letters 

37» 39 
Thebais 32 

Tiras 23 

Togarmah - 15, 17 

Tubal - 17, 22, 23 

Ur of Chaldees - 45 

Uz - 50 

Uzal - - 47 

Wall of Gog and Magog 

17, 18 
Welch - - 12, 15 

Yemen - - 28, 47 
Zamzummin - 55 

Zamarites - 41 

Zuzim - - 55 



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